Distribution pattern and cause analysis of loess sinkholes along Pengyang section of Yinchuan-Kunming Expressway
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摘要: 银川至昆明高速公路彭阳段沿线黄土陷穴异常发育，黄土陷穴对路基及其他构造物的稳定性影响较大，特别是处于路基、桥台附近的黄土陷穴，易引起滑坡、崩塌，影响工程的稳定性。针对沿线黄土陷穴分布规律、成因及扩展机理进行分析，结果表明：区内陷穴多发育于塬边或冲沟两侧、冲沟沟头、滑坡或崩塌体后方，以竖井状、漏斗状、碟形、串珠状及蜂窝状为主；彭阳县湿陷性黄土具结构疏松、孔隙及垂直节理发育、湿陷强烈、易溶蚀、易冲刷的特点，是形成黄土陷穴的内在原因；区内降水集中，地形条件有利于雨水汇集下渗、冲刷坡面，水起到了搬运、溶蚀的作用，是形成黄土陷穴的外部原因；内外原因共同作用导致彭阳地区黄土陷穴异常发育。Abstract: The Yinchuan-Kunming Expressway section in Pengyang is marked by an exceptional development of loess sinkholes, which significantly compromise the stability of the roadbed and other structural elements. In particular, sinkholes near the roadbed and bridge abutments are susceptible to triggering landslides and collapse, thereby jeopardizing the integrity of the engineering project. A comprehensive analysis of the distribution patterns, causes, and expansion mechanisms of these sinkholes along the expressway was conducted. The findings indicate that sinkholes predominantly occur along the edges of plateaus, on both sides of gullies, at the heads of gullies, and behind landslide or collapse bodies, exhibiting forms such as vertical shafts, funnels, disc shapes, bead-like arrangements, and honeycomb patterns. The loess in Pengyang County, characterized by its loose structure, high porosity, well-developed vertical joints, strong collapsibility, and susceptibility to dissolution and erosion, constitutes the intrinsic factors facilitating sinkhole formation. Additionally, the region’s concentrated precipitation and terrain conditions are conducive to rainwater collection, infiltration, and erosion of slopes, and water plays a role in transportation and dissolution, representing the extrinsic factors. The synergistic effect of these intrinsic and extrinsic factors leads to the exceptional development of loess sinkholes in the Pengyang area.
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Key words:
- collapsible loess /
- loess sinkhole /
- distribution pattern /
- formation mechanism
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表 1 各地貌单元主要黄土及成因
地貌单元 黄土名称 地质年代及成因 剥蚀黄土丘陵地貌 马兰黄土 $ {\text{Q}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{eol}} $ 离石黄土 $ {\text{Q}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{eol}} $ 剥蚀黄土残塬地貌 马兰黄土 $ {\text{Q}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{eol}} $ 离石黄土 $ {\text{Q}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{eol}} $ 侵蚀堆积河谷地貌 黄土状土 $ {\text{Q}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{al+pl}}{\text{/Q}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{al+pl}} $ 
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表 2 沿线黄土陷穴分类
形态 尺寸 特征 竖井状 口径一般1～5 m，深度可达10 m左右 井壁垂直，并沿沟侧处往往坍塌形成半圆形，底部堆积有崩塌下来的
土块，底部沿沟侧处有数个小的排泄通道漏斗状 口径不一，数米至十多米 上大下小，形似漏斗 串珠状 口径0.5～3 m 形态各异，串珠状 碟形 口径相对较大，最大可达数十米，深度一般在0.5～3 m 为圆型或椭圆型，形似菜碟 蜂窝状 大小、深浅不一 由数个至数十个竖井状、漏斗状陷穴组成 暗穴 地表无出露
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