路基边坡包边土防护模拟降雨冲刷现场试验研究

王延涛; 张文伟; 高平利; 焦国木; 王展飞; 马培伦

doi:10.20265/j.cnki.issn.1007-2993.2024-0229

路基边坡包边土防护模拟降雨冲刷现场试验研究

doi: 10.20265/j.cnki.issn.1007-2993.2024-0229

1.
中国土木工程集团有限公司，北京　100080
2.
中土集团福州勘察设计研究院有限公司，福建福州　350011

详细信息

作者简介:
王延涛，男，1987年生，大学本科，高级工程师，主要从事海外铁路工程研究。E-mail：wangyantao@ccecc.com.cn

通讯作者:
焦国木，男，1989年生，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程设计与应用研究。E-mail：Jiaoguomu@outlook.com

中图分类号: U213.1
计量
- 文章访问数: 22
- HTML全文浏览量: 3
- PDF下载量: 3
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-05-24
- 修回日期: 2024-12-09
- 录用日期: 2025-01-02
- 刊出日期: 2025-08-08

Field simulated rainfall erosion test study on embankment bank-grade material

1.
China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
2.
CCECC Fuzhou Survey & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350011, Fujian, China

摘要

摘要: 中东地区铁路路基采用路基包边土防护，其可行性需冲刷试验验证。为此，研制一套模拟降雨冲刷试验装置，并提出了一种路基边坡包边土模拟降雨冲刷现场试验方法。通过量化校准试验指标，确保了模拟降雨装置的可靠性；通过明确试验思路、制定具体试验方案，合理设置试验并收集数据，对路基边坡包边土的抗冲刷性进行量化评价；通过收集冲刷试验过程边坡影像资料，分析边坡冲刷发展规律，对路基边坡包边土的抗冲刷性进行交叉论证，确保了试验的可靠性。同时，以实际工程为例进行试验分析，结论表明Gatch料作为路基边坡包边土具有较好的抗冲刷特性。
- 模拟降雨装置 /
- 校准试验 /
- 边坡冲刷 /
- 试验方法
Abstract: To verify the feasibility of railway embankment slope protection with bank-grade material by erosion test in Middle East region, a field simulated rainfall erosion test device was developed, and a field test method of simulated rainfall erosion on embankment slope was proposed. The reliability of the simulated rainfall device was ensured by quantifying the calibration test parameters. By clarifying the test guidelines, formulating the specific test procedure, and reasonably setting the test items, the erosion resistance of the embankment slope bank-grade material was quantitatively evaluated. By collecting the image data of slope in the process of erosion test, analyzing the development tendency of slope erosion, cross-proving the anti-erosion property of the bank-grade material was carried out to ensure the reliability of the test. Taking a project as an example, the test analysis show that Gatch material has low susceptibility of erosion properties as the embankment bank-grade material.
- simulated rainfall device /
- calibration test /
- slope erosion /
- test method

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图 1 降雨模拟装置立管示例图^[16]

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图 2 径流水箱设计简图^[17]

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图 3 试验现场雨量计布置示例

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图 4 试验场地

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图 5 53 mm/h降雨强度30 min试验后边坡冲刷情况

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图 6 97.3 mm/h降雨强度30 min试验后边坡冲刷情况

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图 7 149 mm/h降雨强度30 min试验后边坡冲刷情况

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图 8 149 mm/h降雨强度120 min试验后边坡冲刷情况

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图 9 149 mm/h降雨强度360 min试验后边坡冲刷情况

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图 10 149 mm/h降雨强度120 min试验后产流情况

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图 11 149 mm/h降雨强度360 min试验后产流情况

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图 12 试验结束后坡面最大冲刷深度

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表 1 降雨模拟器模拟参数要求^[16]

项目	最小尺寸	最大尺寸	*动能最小坠落高度/m
雨滴大小	1 mm（−10%）	6 mm（+10%）	4.3
注：*为相对于喷头位置的峰值垂直轨迹。

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表 2 降雨持续时间安排表示例

目标降雨强度 /（mm·h⁻¹）	风速 /（km·h⁻¹）	气温 /℃	开始时刻	结束时刻	持续时间 /min
51	0.7	31.3	00:00	00:30	30
102	0.7	31.2	00:40	01:10	30
152	0.7	33.5	01:20	01:50	30

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表 3 校准试验结果分析示例

目标降雨强度 /(mm·h⁻¹)	试验编号	试验降雨强度 /(mm·h⁻¹)	CUC/%	降雨强度误差/%
51	1	50	85	1.96
	2	53	83	3.92
	3	52	87	1.96
102	1	99	82	2.94
	2	97	88	4.90
	3	101	87	0.98
152	1	153	86	0.66
	2	148	87	2.63
	3	146	86	3.95

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表 4 校准试验雨滴粒径分析示例

降雨强度 /(mm·h⁻¹)	筛子孔径 /mm	雨滴面球筛余质量/g	占比/%	1～6 mm粒径雨滴占比/%
51	2.360	7.83	55.61	81.11
	1.280	3.59	25.50
	0.600	1.76	12.50
	0.425	0.50	3.55
	0.300	0.29	2.06
	0.150	0.07	0.50
	0.075	0.01	0.28
102	2.360	7.72	42.44	88.84
	1.280	8.44	46.40
	0.600	1.52	8.36
	0.425	0.09	49.00
	0.300	13.00	0.71
	0.150	0.23	1.26
	0.075	0.06	0.33
152	2.360	10.98	46.23	83.75
	1.280	8.91	37.52
	0.600	143.00	6.02
	0.425	0.24	1.01
	0.300	0.15	0.63
	0.150	0.36	1.52
	0.075	1.68	7.07

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表 5 模拟冲刷试验流程

试验步骤	试验内容
1	确保试验场地边坡处于天然干燥状态；集水导流槽及收集池内泥沙清理干净备用
2	调整降雨模拟器参数，确保达到目标降雨强度并开启降雨模拟装置进行试验，冲刷试验时长30 min
3	试验过程中，每隔3～5 min测试坡脚径流产沙浓度以及流速直至试验时间结束
4	试验结束后，测量并记录坡面冲刷深度；收集收集池内冲刷产生的泥沙试样，装入收集袋，进行颗粒分析试验
5	调整目标降雨强度，重复步骤2—4
6	以边坡坡面出现稳定性破坏或试验冲刷水流变清澈、不再产沙为终止试验的标准，确定最终试验组数与时长，最少试验组数不少于3组

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表 6 试验所在地区各降雨重现期下最大30 min降雨强度

重现期	不同降雨历时下最大30 min降雨强度/（mm·h⁻¹）
重现期	5 min	10 min	20 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	180 min	360 min	720 min	440 min
2	11.99	18.10	24.90	28.30	26.40	24.09	22.07	18.44	15.06	10.96
5	18.19	28.75	39.98	46.69	45.01	41.49	37.63	31.65	26.76	19.69
10	21.30	35.24	49.52	59.26	58.74	54.61	49.10	41.54	36.09	26.78
25	23.26	41.83	59.82	74.48	77.01	72.48	64.36	54.91	49.56	37.18
50	28.75	51.70	73.93	92.05	95.17	89.57	79.53	67.86	61.24	45.95
100	34.77	62.53	89.42	111.34	115.11	108.34	96.2	82.08	74.08	55.58

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表 7 护坡填料工程性质

最大干密度/(mg·m⁻³)	最优含水率/%	表观黏聚力/kPa	内摩擦角/(°)	液限/%	塑限/%	塑性指数	有机质含量/%
1.77	16	10	38	34	25	9	0

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表 8 护坡填料颗粒分析

筛分直径/mm	过筛率/%	筛分直径/mm	过筛率/%
50	100	1.8	54
21.5	87	0.3	40
12.5	81	0.075	27
3.5	60	0.2	27

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表 9 各试验时段产沙量计算表

序号	53 mm/h				序号	97.3 mm/h				序号	149 mm/h
序号	取样时间	平均泥沙浓度 /（mg·L⁻¹)	产流量 /L	产沙量 /kg	序号	取样时间	平均泥沙浓度/（mg·L⁻¹)	产流量 /L	产沙量 /kg	序号	取样时间	平均泥沙浓度 /（mg·L⁻¹)	产流量 /L	产沙量 /kg
1-1	2:45				2-1	0:24				3-1	0:22
1-2	7:45	42338.96	46.43	1.97	2-2	5:24	61857.65	134.46	8.32	3-2	5:22	16440.46	228.04	3.75
1-3	12:45	51253.68	71.98	3.69	2-3	10:24	81453.9	162.82	13.26	3-3	10:22	20797.78	218.73	4.55
1-4	17:45	56144.34	83.88	4.71	2-4	15:24	60567.51	154.55	9.36	3-4	15:22	24765.18	222.89	5.52
1-5	22:45	60542.61	85.02	5.15	2-5	20:24	43543.18	163.17	7.11	3-5	20:22	27614.51	238.18	6.58
1-6	27:45	61944.82	94.37	5.85	2-6	25:24	41595.47	178.96	7.44	3-6	25:22	25583.35	235.88	6.03
1-7	35:55	56400.9	65.74	3.71	2-7	35:00	41504.78	210.12	8.72	3-7	35:55	21129.12	254.03	5.37
合计				25.07	合计				54.21	合计				31.8

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表 10 试验降雨总能量计算表

时间段	试验时长 /min	实测降雨强度 /（mm·h⁻¹）	单位降雨能量 e_m/ (MJ/ha/mm)	降雨量 r/mm	单次降雨总能量 E/(MJ·ha⁻¹)	降雨总能量 R/(MJ·ha⁻¹)	折减系数^*	折减降雨总能量 R'/ (MJ·ha⁻¹)	累计降雨总能量 R_cum/ (MJ·ha⁻¹)
时段1	30	53	0.2752	26.50	7.29	386.52	0.74	286.02	286.02
时段2	30	97.3	0.2884	48.65	14.03	1365.18	0.75	1023.89	1309.91
时段3	30	149	0.2899	74.50	21.60	3218.03	0.74	2381.35	3691.26
注：*考虑雨滴动能修正的折减系数。

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表 11 试验边坡填料易侵蚀性系数K

时间段	实测降雨强度/（mm·h⁻¹）	K值
时段1	53	0.06
时段2	97.3	0.04
时段3	149	0.02
平均值		0.04

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