我国重大调水工程深埋长隧洞地质问题与对策

司富安

doi:10.20265/j.cnki.issn.1007-2993.2024-0570

我国重大调水工程深埋长隧洞地质问题与对策第九届全国岩土工程实录交流会特邀报告

doi: 10.20265/j.cnki.issn.1007-2993.2024-0570

司富安

水利部水利水电规划设计总院，北京　100120

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目资助（2022YFC3005605）

详细信息

作者简介:
司富安，男，1964年生，正高级工程师，主要从事水利水电工程地质方面研究。E-mail：sifuan@giwp.org.cn

中图分类号: TV221；P642
计量
- 文章访问数: 101
- HTML全文浏览量: 20
- PDF下载量: 36
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-04
- 修回日期: 2025-05-08
- 录用日期: 2025-06-26
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-10

Geological problems and countermeasures of deep-buried long tunnels in major water transfer projects in China

Si Fu’an

General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100120, China

摘要

摘要: 深埋长隧洞勘察是目前工程建设中遇到的世界级难题。基于我国重大调水工程发展历史及现状，分析重大调水工程深埋长隧洞建设中面临重大工程地质问题，主要包括：软岩变形、突（涌）水（泥）、高外水压力、岩爆、有毒有害气体等。针对当前深埋长隧洞勘察面临的理论、技术和环境制约条件，提出了做好前期勘察工作、通过方案比选尽可能规避地质风险、选择合适施工工法、提前做好地质风险处理预案、施工期做好超前地质预报、发现问题及时应对等对策与措施。
- 调水工程 /
- 深埋长隧洞 /
- 工程地质问题 /
- 对策
Abstract: The investigation of deeply-buried long tunnels is currently a world-class challenge encountered in engineering construction. This article introduces the development history and current status of China’s major water transfer projects, and analyzes the significant engineering geological problems faced during the construction of deep-buried long tunnels, such as large deformations in soft rocks, water inrushes with muddy debris, high external water pressure, rock bursts, and toxic and harmful gases etc. In response to the theoretical, technical, and environmental constraints currently faced in the exploration of deep-buried long tunnels, the article proposes countermeasures such as conducting thorough preliminary exploration work, avoiding geological risks as much as possible through scheme comparison and selection, selecting appropriate construction methods, establishing geological risk mitigation plans in advance, conducting advanced geological predictions during the construction period, and promptly addressing any issues discovered.
- water transfer project /
- deep-buried long tunnel /
- engineering geological problem /
- countermeasure

HTML全文

图 1 滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞围岩变形

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 某调水工程隧洞突水涌泥

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 引汉济渭工程岩爆导致支护体变形破坏

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 引汉济渭秦岭隧洞超硬岩及TBM施工掌子面岩盘

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 引汉济渭秦岭隧洞高外水压力

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 深埋长隧洞勘察内容及方法

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(24)

[1]	桂耀, 肖昌虎, 侯丽娜. 跨流域引调水工程规划方案优选研究——以滇中引水工程为例[J]. 中国农村水利水电, 2017(9): 63-66. (GUI Y, XIAO C H, HOU L N. The planning scheme optimization of inter-basin water transfer projects———taking the water diversion for central area of Yunnan for example[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower, 2017(9): 63-66. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2284.2017.09.014 GUI Y, XIAO C H, HOU L N. The planning scheme optimization of inter-basin water transfer projects———taking the water diversion for central area of Yunnan for example[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower, 2017（9）: 63-66. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2284.2017.09.014
[2]	蔡正银, 张晨, 朱洵, 等. 高寒区长距离供水工程能力提升与安全保障技术[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2022, 44(7): 1239-1254. (CAI Z Y, ZHANG C, ZHU X, et al. Improvement of capacity and safety protection technology for long-distance water delivery projects in cold regions[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44(7): 1239-1254. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202207005 CAI Z Y, ZHANG C, ZHU X, et al. Improvement of capacity and safety protection technology for long-distance water delivery projects in cold regions[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44（7）: 1239-1254. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202207005
[3]	何君, 郦建强, 李云玲, 等. 新形势下科学推进我国调水工程规划建设的若干思考[J]. 中国水利, 2023(22): 49-53. (HE H, LI J Q, LI Y L, et al. Scientific advancements in the planning and construction of water transfer projects in China under the new situation[J]. China Water Resources, 2023(22): 49-53. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2023.22.012 HE H, LI J Q, LI Y L, et al. Scientific advancements in the planning and construction of water transfer projects in China under the new situation[J]. China Water Resources, 2023（22）: 49-53. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2023.22.012
[4]	中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 中共中央国务院印发《国家水网建设规划纲要》[EB/OL].(2023-05-25 2024-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202305/content_6876214.htm. (The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. Outline development plan for national water network construction[EB/OL]. (2023-05-25)[2024-12-01] https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202305/content_6876214.htm. (in Chinese)
[5]	ZHU H H, YAN J X, LIANG W H. Challenges and development prospects of ultra-long and ultra-deep mountain tunnels[J]. Engineering, 2019, 5(3): 384-392. doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.04.009
[6]	张小宝, 司富安, 段世委, 等. 深埋水工长隧洞主要工程地质问题与勘察经验[J]. 水利规划与设计, 2021(12): 55-60. (ZHANG X B, SI F A, DUAN S W, et al. Main engineering geological problems and survey experience of deep buried hydraulic long tunnel[J]. Water Resources Planning and Design, 2021(12): 55-60. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2469.2021.12.012 ZHANG X B, SI F A, DUAN S W, et al. Main engineering geological problems and survey experience of deep buried hydraulic long tunnel[J]. Water Resources Planning and Design, 2021（12）: 55-60. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2469.2021.12.012
[7]	王旺盛, 陈长生, 王家祥, 等. 滇中引水工程香炉山深埋长隧洞主要工程地质问题[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2020, 37(9): 154-159. (WANG W S, CHEN C S, WANG J X, et al. Major engineering geological problems of Xianglushan deep-buried long tunnel in central Yunnan water diversion project[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2020, 37(9): 154-159. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20200565 WANG W S, CHEN C S, WANG J X, et al. Major engineering geological problems of Xianglushan deep-buried long tunnel in central Yunnan water diversion project[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2020, 37（9）: 154-159. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20200565
[8]	杜小洲. 引汉济渭秦岭输水隧洞关键技术问题及其研究进展[J]. 人民黄河, 2020, 42(11): 138-142. (DU X Z. Key technical issues in Qinling water diversion tunnel of Hanjiang-to-Weihe river project and research advancements[J]. Yellow River, 2020, 42(11): 138-142. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2020.11.030 DU X Z. Key technical issues in Qinling water diversion tunnel of Hanjiang-to-Weihe river project and research advancements[J]. Yellow River, 2020, 42（11）: 138-142. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2020.11.030
[9]	钮新强, 张传健. 复杂地质条件下跨流域调水超长深埋隧洞建设需研究的关键技术问题[J]. 隧道建设(中英文), 2019, 39(4): 523-536. (NIU X Q, ZHANG C J. Some key technical issues on construction of ultra-long deep-buried water conveyance tunnel under complex geological conditions[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2019, 39(4): 523-536. (in Chinese) NIU X Q, ZHANG C J. Some key technical issues on construction of ultra-long deep-buried water conveyance tunnel under complex geological conditions[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2019, 39（4）: 523-536.
[10]	杨启贵, 张传健, 颜天佑, 等. 长距离调水工程建设与安全运行集成研究及应用[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2022, 44(7): 1188-1210. (YANG Q G, ZHANG C J, YAN T Y, et al. Integrated research and application of construction and safe operation of long-distance water transfer projects[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44(7): 1188-1210. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202207002 YANG Q G, ZHANG C J, YAN T Y, et al. Integrated research and application of construction and safe operation of long-distance water transfer projects[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44（7）: 1188-1210. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202207002
[11]	王文卓, 胡金鑫, 邱成虎, 等. 深埋饱和黄土隧道围岩软化效应及其控制措施[J]. 岩土工程技术, 2024, 38(6): 692-697. (WANG W Z, HU J X, QIU C H, et al. Softening effect and control measures of surrounding rock in deep buried saturated loess tunnel[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique, 2024, 38(6): 692-697. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2993.2024.06.008 WANG W Z, HU J X, QIU C H, et al. Softening effect and control measures of surrounding rock in deep buried saturated loess tunnel[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique, 2024, 38（6）: 692-697. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2993.2024.06.008
[12]	张振杰. 高外水压作用下大埋深隧洞围岩稳定分析方法及工程应用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2024, 43(11): 2858. (ZHANG Z J. Analysis method and engineering application of surrounding rock stability of deep-buried tunnel under high external water pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2024, 43(11): 2858. (in Chinese) ZHANG Z J. Analysis method and engineering application of surrounding rock stability of deep-buried tunnel under high external water pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2024, 43（11）: 2858. (in Chinese)
[13]	GONG F Q, WANG Y L, LUO S. Rockburst proneness criteria for rock materials: review and new insights[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(10): 2793-2821. doi: 10.1007/s11771-020-4511-y
[14]	LUO Y, HUANG J C, WU W X, et al. Saturation effect on storage-dissipation properties and failure characteristics of red sandstone: energy mechanism of water in preventing rockburst[J]. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 2025, 12(1): 32.
[15]	丁秀丽, 张雨霆, 黄书岭, 等. 隧洞围岩大变形机制、挤压大变形预测及应用[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2023, 42(3): 521-544. (DING X L, ZHANG Y T, HUANG S L, et al. Large deformation mechanism of surrounding rock masses of tunnels, prediction method of squeezing large deformation and its application[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2023, 42(3): 521-544. (in Chinese) DING X L, ZHANG Y T, HUANG S L, et al. Large deformation mechanism of surrounding rock masses of tunnels, prediction method of squeezing large deformation and its application[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2023, 42（3）: 521-544. (in Chinese)
[16]	NIE L C, WANG C K, LIU Z Y, et al. An integrated geological and geophysical approach to identify water-rich weathered granite areas during twin tunnels construction: a case study[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2023, 135: 105025. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105025
[17]	NIE L C, SONG Z C, LI Z Q, et al. Ground-tunnel geological prospecting and treatment methods of small-diameter TBM crossing shallow buried water-rich tunnel: a case study[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2024, 153: 106024. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106024
[18]	杨星, 张荣辉, 房宽达, 等. 盾构同步注浆浆液性能影响分析及其配比优化研究[J]. 岩土工程技术, 2021, 35(5): 336-340. (YANG X, ZHANG R H, FANG K D, et al. Study on the influence of shield synchronous grouting slurry performance and the optimization of its proportion[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique, 2021, 35(5): 336-340. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2993.2021.05.011 YANG X, ZHANG R H, FANG K D, et al. Study on the influence of shield synchronous grouting slurry performance and the optimization of its proportion[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique, 2021, 35（5）: 336-340. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-2993.2021.05.011
[19]	司富安, 李坤, 段世委. TBM施工深埋水工长隧洞围岩综合分类研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2020, 37(8): 150-154. (SI F A, LI K, DUAN S W. Comprehensive classification of surrounding rock of deep buried long hydraulic tunnel constructed with tunnel boring machine[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2020, 37(8): 150-154. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20200567 SI F A, LI K, DUAN S W. Comprehensive classification of surrounding rock of deep buried long hydraulic tunnel constructed with tunnel boring machine[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2020, 37（8）: 150-154. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20200567
[20]	张世殊. 水利水电深部工程地质勘察技术现状与发展趋势[J/OL]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 1-28[2025-05-08]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1397.O3.20250305.1202.004.html. (ZHANG S S. Research status and development trend of deep geological exploration techniques for hydraulic and hydropower engineering[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1-28[2025-05-08]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1397.O3.20250305.1202.004.html. (in Chinese) ZHANG S S. Research status and development trend of deep geological exploration techniques for hydraulic and hydropower engineering[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1-28[2025-05-08]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1397.O3.20250305.1202.004.html. (in Chinese)
[21]	中华人民共和国水利部. 水利水电工程可行性研究报告编制规程: SL/T 618—2021[S]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2021. (Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China. Code of preparing feasibility study reports for water and hydropower projects: SL/T 618—2021[S]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2021. (in Chinese) Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China. Code of preparing feasibility study reports for water and hydropower projects: SL/T 618—2021[S]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2021. (in Chinese)
[22]	吴树良, 邓争荣, 王吉亮, 等. 引江补汉工程超长输水隧洞线路地质比选[J]. 中国水利, 2022(18): 44-47. (WU S L, DENG Z R, WANG J L, et al. Geological comparison for selection of super long tunnel under the dam of the River Diversion Project from the Yangtze River to the Han River[J]. China Water Resources, 2022(18): 44-47. (in Chinese) WU S L, DENG Z R, WANG J L, et al. Geological comparison for selection of super long tunnel under the dam of the River Diversion Project from the Yangtze River to the Han River[J]. China Water Resources, 2022（18）: 44-47. (in Chinese)
[23]	王吉亮, 向家菠, 颜慧明, 等. 引江补汉工程输水线路工程地质选线研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2023, 40(5): 100-105. (WANG J L, XIANG J B, YAN H M, et al. Route selection for water diversion project from Three Gorges reservoir to Hanjiang River based on engineering geology[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2023, 40(5): 100-105. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20221280 WANG J L, XIANG J B, YAN H M, et al. Route selection for water diversion project from Three Gorges reservoir to Hanjiang River based on engineering geology[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2023, 40（5）: 100-105. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20221280
[24]	许琦, 向家菠, 王吉亮, 等. 黄陵断穹北缘盖层岩溶水文地质结构建立及其在深埋长隧洞工程的应用[J]. 工程勘察, 2024, 52(10): 36-43. (XU Q, XIANG J B, WANG J L, et al. Building of karst hydrogeological structures on the northeast wing of Huangling faulted dome and its application in the deep-buried long tunnel engineering[J]. Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2024, 52(10): 36-43. (in Chinese) XU Q, XIANG J B, WANG J L, et al. Building of karst hydrogeological structures on the northeast wing of Huangling faulted dome and its application in the deep-buried long tunnel engineering[J]. Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2024, 52（10）: 36-43. (in Chinese)