Mechanism and control of secondary diseases caused by improper seepage control in subway structures
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摘要: 地铁渗漏是威胁运营安全的常见病害，尤其在地下水位显著上升区域。渗漏治理若未充分考虑渗流路径、地下水位及水压变化，易引发次生病害。以北京地铁运营线路渗漏治理工程为案例，分析治理不当（仅封堵下游点位未阻断水源、治理后未监测外围水位变化、忽视既有薄弱点承压能力）引发的三类次生病害：渗流路径改变导致新渗漏点出现、地下水位上升引发屏蔽门进水、地下水压增大击穿预埋注浆管涌水。研究表明，次生病害源于治理行为对地下水运移系统（路径−水位−水压）的扰动失衡。据此提出渗漏治理应遵循“源头控制为主、路径管理为辅、水位水压监测疏导并重”的综合防控策略。研究成果可为类似复杂水文地质条件下地铁渗漏治理提供技术指导。Abstract: Subway leaks are a common disease that threatens operational safety, especially in areas where groundwater levels rise significantly. If leakage control does not fully consider changes in seepage paths, groundwater levels and water pressure, secondary diseases may easily occur. This paper takes the leakage control project of Beijing subway operating lines as a case to analyze three types of secondary diseases caused by improper management (only blocking downstream points without blocking water sources, not monitoring peripheral water level changes after treatment, and ignoring the pressure bearing capacity of existing weak points): changes in seepage paths lead to the emergence of new leakage points, rising groundwater level causes water inflow into shield doors, and increasing groundwater pressure breaks through pre-buried grouting pipes. Studies have shown that secondary diseases are rooted in the disturbance and imbalance of groundwater movement systems (path-water level-water pressure) caused by management behaviors. It is proposed that leakage control should follow a comprehensive prevention and control strategy of “source control first, path management supplemented, and water level and water pressure monitoring and dredging equally” to provide technical guidance for subway leakage control under similar complex hydrogeological conditions.
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Key words:
- subway leakage /
- secondary diseases /
- seepage path /
- groundwater level /
- groundwater pressure /
- improper management
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图 2 车站水位上升引发进水机理
Figure 2. Mechanism of water inflow caused by groundwater level rise in station
图 3 车站水压增大击穿预埋管机理
Figure 3. Mechanism of pre-buried pipe burst caused by increased water pressure in station
表 1 本文涉及渗漏治理地铁线路的主要渗漏类型统计
Table 1. Statistics of main leakage types in subway lines involved in leakage treatment
渗漏类型 车站占比/% 区间占比/% 典型部位 变形缝渗漏 42.3 28.7 顶板–侧墙交接处 施工缝渗漏 31.5 35.2 侧墙竖向施工缝 裂缝渗漏 18.6 22.4 侧墙及底板 管片接缝渗漏 13.7 管片环纵缝 
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表 2 封堵后渗流路径水压增加的影响因素和机理分析
Table 2. Analysis of influencing factors and mechanisms of water pressure increase in seepage path after plugging
影响因素 机理分析 对水压的影响 路径封堵率 92%的渗漏路径被封堵，过流面积急剧减小 水压集中系数达12.5倍 区域水位上升 地下水位从−3.1 m升至−1.4 m（上升1.7 m） 静水压增加16.7 kPa 动水压力 水流速增大导致的动水压效应 增加约0.1～0.2 MPa 材料老化 水泥基封堵材料孔隙率增至28% 抗压强度降低46%
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表 3 治理不当行为与次生病害关联分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis between improper treatment behaviors and secondary diseases
治理不当
行为次生病害
类型水力
响应关键岩土
参数变化时间
尺度仅封堵
下游出水点渗流路径
改变水压
重分布渗透力增加至3.5 kN/m³ 小时级 未控制
水位壅高邻近区域
进水地下水位
上升孔隙水压增加至24.5 kPa 天级 未加固
历史薄弱点结构击穿
破坏水压集中
累积剪应力超限2.531 MPa>
1.8 MPa月—年级
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